System and apparatus for gaseous tubes



Aug. 1l, 1953 c. R. KAZEBEE 2,648,802

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SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR GASEOUS TUBES Filed Jan. l0, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 D if@ w.

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Aug. 11, V1953 C. R. KAZEBEE SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR GASEOUS TUBES Filed Jan. 10, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheef 3 6) IWW' INVENTOR.

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SYS-TEM AND APPARATUS FOR GASEOUS TUBES Charles R. Kazebee, Cleveland, Ohio, assignor to France Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application January 10, 1949, Serial No. 70,127

7 Claims. l

This invention relates to electrical apparatus and particularly to a system and apparatus which is used for controlling and operating gaseous tubes, such as fluorescent light sources.

The trend in the construction of power units which are used for the operation of fluorescent tubes has been directed to the design of a long unit of relatively small cross section in order that the unit may t into the casing which is used by the majority of fixture manufacture. Initially, such casing formation was determined by ballast manufacturers who were using a transformer in combination with two or more inductors, and one or more capacitors which inherently facilitated assembled in a long case of small cross section.

To reduce the amount of equipment utilizable as a ballast, -a power unit embodying a three-coil transformer and a condenser has been utilized wherein one of the coils of the transformer has constituted the primary winding and the other two coils have constituted the secondary winding, such as is shown for example in Letters Patent of the United States No. 2,354,879 issued August 1, 1944, to P. K. Ranney. In such patent, a magnetic shunt has been disposed between the primary and one secondary winding so as to produce a lagging current, while the other secondary winding has been closely coupled to the primary winding and has a condenser connected in circuit therewith, so as to produce a leading current. A nuorescent tube has been connected in circuit with each secondary winding, with the result that the stroboscopic effect has been substantially eliminated and the system has been operated at approximately unity power factor.

Due to the space limitations imposed by the xturc casing, the three-coil transformer unit aforesaid has been limited in width to such an extent as to affect the overall efficiency and particularly to produce a harmonic distortion of the lead circuit current. This distortion manifests itself in a severely peaked lead current wave form, and the effect of the distortion on lamp operation tends to produce low lumen output, to increase the stroboscopic effect, and to shorten the lamp life. Moreover, the effects of the distortion on ballast operation are increased ballast watt loss and high line current the latter of which tends to lower the line power factor. In addition, the effect of harmonic distortion tends to increase the ballast operating temperature and in general results in a lowered ballast eiciency.

The aforesaid harmonic distortion in the lead circuit is attributed to the increased leakage re- `actance component of the total lead circuit inductive reactance. To minimize the harmonic distortion of the lead current, it is important that the proper ratio of capacitive reactance to inductive reactance be maintained in the lead circuit, and it has been found that when the proper values of Icapacitive and inductive reactance are chosen, the wave form of the lead current approaches that of a sinusod, and the circuit delivers optimum wattage to the lamp or lamps under conditions of maximum efficiency.

An object of the present invention is to provide a system and apparatus for overcoming the harmonic distortion in the lead circuit, and at the same time to maintain the transformer overall dimensions of such low value as to enable the unit to be readily installed within a standard casing. The object includes a Iconstruction which reduces the leakage reactance component of the total lead circuit inductance reactance, so that the unit can be designed for proper ratio of capacitive reactance to inductive reactance while still maintaining the ballast cross section within the available limits of casing design.

I accomplish the aforesaid eiect of leakage reactance by sub-dividing each of the primary and secondary windings into two or more individual sections while utilizing the principle of circuit operation set forth in the aforesaid Patent No. 2,354,879, and also retaining the advantages of elimination of cumbersome external reactors. In this way I control the amount of lead circuit inductive reactance by physical location of the primary -and secondary windings with respect to each other.

Referring now to the drawings, Fig. l shows a power unit embodying the present invention; Fig. 2 is a wiring diagram for the arrangement shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a wiring diagram of a modified circuit arrangement wherein the transformer is connected as an auto-transformer and wherein the circuit arrangement is such as to interrupt the flow of current in the primary circuit of the transformer whenever a tube is removed from its socket in the xture; Fig. 4 is a wiring diagram showing a modification similar to Fig. 3 except that the transformer is connected as non-auto; Fig. 5 is a wiring diagram of a modified arrangement wherein the transformer is connected as non-auto and whereing the primary circuit is not broken upon removal of a tube from its socket; Fig. 6 is a wiring diagram showing a modication wherein the unit is connected for operation of three tubes as an auto transformer with provision for interrupting the primary circuit upon removal of a tube; Fig. '7 is a wiring diagram showing a modification for a circuit arrangement embodying three tubes, and wherein the power unit is connected as an auto transformer but with non-primary circuit interruption; Fig. 8 is a wiring diagram rshowing a modification for use with three tubes wherein the transformer is connected non-auto but the tubes Iare connected for interruption of the primary Icircuit upon removal; Fig. 9 is a wiring diagram showing a modification for operating three tubes wherein the transformer is connected non-auto and the tubes are connected for non-primary interruption upon removal, and Fig. 10 are graphs showing the wave form of the lamp current of a three-coil unit, and of a unit embodying the present invention with one graph being superimposed upon the other to show the relationship therebetween.

In Fig. 1, I have shown a source of alternating current supply I0 which is connected to energize primary coils PI and P2, the connections preferably being such that the coils are connected in parallel. The coils are shown as being mounted upon the central leg i I of a shell type core, upon which are also mounted secondary coils Si, S2, S3 and S4. Magnetic core shunts in the form oi' blocks of metallic laminations extend between the central leg and the outer legs I2 and i3 respectively, and are arranged in pairs, one pair being indicated at I4 and I5 as being disposed between the primary coil PI and the secondary coil SI, while the other pair, indicated at It and I1, is positioned between the primary coil P2 and the secondary coil S3. The shunts are such size as to provide suitable air gaps indicated at i8, i9,.

and 2l respectively.

The load is indicated as a pair of fluorescent tubes and 26 which are arranged to be positioned within a fixture in the usual way. In Fig. l the secondary coils are connected in auto transformer relationship with the primary circuit and each tube is connected to two secondary windings in series relationship. Thus, the tube 25 is energized by the secondary windings SI and S3, while the tube 26 is energized by the secondary windings S2 and S4.

The shunts I4 to I1, inclusive, provide a lagging current for the circuit of the lamp 25, whereas a condenser 30 provides a leading current for the circuit of the lamp 26. The shunts are used for limiting the current in the circuit of the lamp 25 and the condenser is utilized for limiting the current in the lamp 26 to the same value as that of the lamp 25. This arrangement minimizes the Stroboscopic effect and produces approximately unity power factor.

Tracing the current flow in Figs. l and 2, current from the source I0 flows through conductors 3I and 32 to primary PI and thence through conductors 33 and 34 back to the source of supp-ly. The primary coil P2 receives current from the source of supply through conductors 3i, 32, 35, and the return path to the source constitutes conductors 36 and 34. The connections for the secondary windings and the tube 25 are as follows: From conductor 3i current flows through conductors 31 and 38 to secondary coil SI, thence through conductor 39 to secondary coil S3, thence through conductor d0 to tu'be 25. The return path is through conductor 4I to conductor 34. The circuit for tube 26 is as follows: From conductor 31 current ows through conductor 42, through secondary coil S2, conductor 43, secondary coil S4, conductor 44, condenser 30, conductor 45, tube 26 and returns through conductor 4I. The foregoing description of current now is for one-half cycle, it being understood that during the other half cycle the directions of current flow are reversed.

While I have shown the system of Fig. 1 as being arranged for operating two tubes, I may, if desired, use four tubes, as indicated by the added tubes which are represented by the broken lines 25A and 26A respectively. In this case, the connections for the primary windings remain the same, but the conductor 40, instead of leading, as shown by the full line, to the tube 25, ex-a tends as shown by the broken line 40A to the tube 25A. The tube 25A is connected to the tube 25 by conductor 46. Similarly, for the tube 26A, current from the condenser flows through conM ductor i5 to conductor 45A through tube 26A, and conductor 41 to the tube 26. From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that where four tubes are used, the tubes are arranged in pairs with the pairs 25 and 25A being connected in series, and the pair 26 and 26A being connected in series.

Fig. 3 illustrates a modincation of the invention wherein the transformer is connected as an auto transformer, but wherein the circuit arrangements are such that removal of a tube from its socket interrupts the ow of primary current. The result of such action is to discontinue the ilow of iiux through the core and thereby to lower the secondary voltage to zero. This avoids the possibility of shock to anyone while a tube is out of its socket.

In the modification of Fig. 3, the current flow for a half cycle is from the source of alternating current supply HIB through conductor SIB, through the sockets for one end of the tubes 2GB and 25B, respectively, through primary coil PIB, conductor 33B and conductor 34By back to the source of supply. Primary coil P2B is connected in parallel with the coil PIB hence, current from line Si'B also ilows through 35B and, after energizing coil P2B returns through conductors 36B and 34B. With such arrangement, removal oi' either tube interrupts the ow of current in the primary circuit.

Fig. 3 is connected as an auto transformer, hence, current from the line 3IB flows through 'tube 25B, through conductor 38B, secondary coil SIB, line 39B, secondary coil SSB, conductor MB and baci: to the line 3dB. Similarly, current from the line 3 IB flows through tube 26B through conductor 45B, condenser 30B, conductor 42B, coil S2B, conductor dSB, coil S4B, conductor MB, and thence through the common return conductor 4 IB` to line 34B.

rThe arrangement of Fig. 3 is also suitable for operating four tubes which are arranged in pairs with the tubes of each pair being connected in series. Accordingly, the added tubes are shown in broken lines 25BB and ZSBB with a connection between the first pair of tubes being indicated at 5t, and a connection between the second pair of tubes being indicated at 5 I. In this case, the tube ZEiBB is connected to the conductor SSB by the conductor 52, while the tube ZSBB is connected to the conductor 45B and thence to the condenser 33B by the conductor 53.

In the modication of Fig. 4, the connections are such that the transformer is connected nonauto, but the removal of a tube from its socket breaks the primary current. Accordingly, the flow of current for a half-cycle with this modiiication is as follows: From the source of alternating current supply IUC current ows through the line 3IC through the sockets for the tubes 26C and C respectively, thence through primary coil PIC, conductor 33C, and back to the source of supply through line 34C. The primary coils are connected in parallel, hence, the current from line 3| C through line 35C', coil PZC and conductor 36C and 34C back to the source of supply. The ow of current in the secondaries is as follows: From the primary line 3 IC`, current ows through the line 38C, through coil SIC, line 39C, coil S30, line AOC through tube 25C and lback to the line 3l C. Similarly, for the tube 26C, current ows from the line SIC through line 42C, through coil SZC, line 43C', coil SAC, line AAC, condenser 30C, line 45C, through tube 26C and back to the line 3IC.

In the event that four tubes are desired for use with the arrangement of Fig. 4, then the tubes may be connected in series in the same manner as that illustrated for Figs. 1 and 3, in which case, current, after flowing through the secondary coils SIC and SBC and line AOC, would flow through line 55, through tube 250C, through line 56, and tube 25C, whereas, current, after flowing through the secondary coils S2 C and SAC and condenser 3u, would flow through line 45C, line 5i, tube EECC, line 58 and through tube 26C.

In the modification of Fig. 5, the primary coils are connected in parallel, the transformer is connected non-auto and the removal of a tube from its socket would not break or interrupt the ow of current in the primary circuit. According-ly, in this arrangement, current for a half cycle ows from the source of alternating current supply IIlD through line 3ID, coil PID, line 33D and line 34D back to the source of supply. Similarly, current ows from line 3ID, through line 35D, coil P2D, line 35D and 34D back to the source of supply. The flow of current in the tube circuits for a half cycle is as follows: Starting at the left hand socket of tube 25D, current flows through line 38D, coil SID, line 39D, coil SSD, line AOD, thence to the right hand socket for the tube 25. Similarly, for the tube 26D, current flows from the left hand socket through line 42D, coil S2D, line A3D, coil SAD, line AAD, condenser 3llD, line 45D, to the right hand socket of the tube 25D.

In the event that it is desired to use four tubes, in the modification of Fig. 5, then the tubes are arranged in pairs in a manner similar to that described in connection with Fig. 1, and are connected in series, so that for the tubes 25D and 25DD, current, for a half-cycle, after owing through the coils SID and S3D, ows through line 45D, thence through line 59, through tube 25DD, line 60, tube 25D and back through line 38D. Similary, current after flowing through the coils S2D and SAD, and condenser 30, ows through line 45D, line 6I, tube 26DD, thence through line 62 to the tube 26D, and back through line 42D.

In the modication of Fig. 6, an arrangement s shown for lighting three tubes with a transformer which is connected as an auto-transformer and also to interrupt the flow of current in the primary circuit upon removal of any tube.

Assuming connections as shown in Fig. 6, then the current flow for a half-cycle is as follows: From the source of supply IUE current ows through line 3IE to the left hand socket of the tubes 10, II and 12, thence through line 63 through coil PIE, line 33E and line 34E back to the source of supply. From the line 63 cur- 6 rent lo'ws through line 35E through coil PZE, line 36E and back through line 34E to the source of supply.

In the secondary circuits of Fig. 6, current for a half-cycle fiows from line 3IE, through tube '12, line 38E, coil SIE, line AIE, and thence through the line 34E to the other side of the primary circuit. In this modification, only one set of magnetic core shunts is utilized, as is indicated at IAE and ISE, and such shunts are disposed between the primary coil PIE and the secondary coil SIE. This produces a lagging circuit in the current used for energizing the tube 12.

Current for a half-cycle for energizing the tube 'Il (Fig. 6) ows from line 3IE, through tube 1I, through line 45E, condenser 30E, line 42E, coil S2E, thence through line 43E and line A IE back to the other side of the primary circuit. Similarly, the current low for a half-cycle through tube 10 is from line SIE through tube '10, through line 13, condenser 1A, line 15, coil 16, line TI, to line AIE and thence back to the other side of the primary.

In the modication of Fig. 6, it will be observed that the tubes 'I0 and 'Il draw leading current, while the tube '12 draws lagging current. It will also be observed that there are only three secondary coils and that the coils S2E and coil IB are disposed between the primary coils PIE and PZE. In this modication, the shunts IAE and I5E limit the current to the same value as that limited by the condensers 1A and 30E.

The modification of Fig. 7 is for operating three tubes, wherein the core and coil arrangement is such as to produce an auto transformer, but wherein the removal of a tube from a socket does not interrupt the flow of the current in the primary circuit. The flow of current in this modication for a half cycle is as follows: From the source of current supply IDF, current flows through line 3 IF, through line 32F, coil PIF, line 33F, and line 3AF back to the source of supply. Current also ows from line 32F through line 35F, coil P2F and line 36F back through line 3AF to the source of supply.

The current now for a half-cycle in the respective tubes of Fig. '7 is as follows: From the line 3IF current ows through line 80, through line 8l, tube 'I2F, line 38F, coil SIF, line AIF and back to line 3AF. Similarly current from line 80 flows through line 82 through tube TIF, line ASF, condenser 30F, line AZF, coil S2F, line ASF, to line AIF and thence back to the other side of the primary. Also for tube IHF, current flows from line SI) through line 83, tube 10F, line 'I3F, condenser IAF, line 'I5F, coil TSF, line 'I'IF and line vAIF back to the other side of the primary.

The modification of Fig. 8 is similar to that of Figs. 6 and 7 insofar as concerns the core and coil arrangement, but in this case the connections are such that the transformer is connected non-auto, while the tubes are arranged upon removal to interrupt the flow of current in the primary circuit. Thus, for this modification, Where three tubes are used and for a half-cycle, current ows from the source of alternating current supply IUG through line 3IG, through sockets at one end of the respective tubes 10G, 'IIG and 12G, thence through line 63G, line 8A, coil PIG, line 3BG and 3AG back to the source of supply. Current also flows from line 8A through line 35G, coil PZG, line 36G and line 3AG back to the source of supply. Current for energizing the tube 'I2G flows for a half-cycle from coil SIG- through line 38G, tube 'IZG and line 63G.

'aeziaeoo back to coil SIG. VCurrent for energizing the tube 'HG flows from `line BBG through line G2G., coil S2G, line 43G, condenser 30G, line 115Gr, through tube 11G, and back to line BBG. Current for energizing the rtube 10G flows from line 63G to line 42G., through coil 16G, line 11G, condenser MG, line 13G' through tube 10G and back to the line 63G.

In the modication of Fig. 9, the transformer is arranged as non-auto and the tube circuits are sov arranged that .although three tubes are utilized, the current lovv in the primaryk circuit is not interrupted upon removal of any tube. In thisfmodrdcation the current flow for Ia halfcycle vis from the source of current supply IY'GH, through line til-I, coil PII-I, line 33H, and line 34H back to the source of supply. Similarly, current. flows from line 31H through line coil PQH, Iand line back to the source of supply.

The current for the secondary circuit of Fig. 9 flows through coil Sill-I, line-4 II-If, tube 12H, and then back through line 38H to the coil SIHA. Current for the tube "i IH flows from coil SZH'through line 43H, condenser 30H, line 45H, tube lil-I, and then. back through line Sii tothe -coilrSEI-I. Similarly., for the tube "39H, current flows from coil 'IGI-I, through line l'iI-I, condenser MH, line 13H, tube 19E and then back `through line lill to lthe coil TGI-I.

From the foregoing vit will be observed that for the modiiications of Figs. '6 to 10, inclusive, vonly one magnetic core shunt is utilizedV and is disposed between a primary -coil and a secondary coil for imparting a lagging current to the circuit for one `of the tubes. It will also be observed that there 'are two vother secondary coils which are disposed 4on the side ofv the primary coil Pi opposite to the magnetic shunt and that a condenser is connected 'in series with each of the last-named'secondary coils. 'I'hemagnet'ic shunt limits the current in one tube while leach of `the condense-rs limits the current in the other tubes, and the values :or the shunt and condensers are so chosen that thelimit of the current in each of the tubes having the leading current is -equal to the current which is limited'by the shunt.

An example of a power unit :and `system assembly :as `shown in Fig. l may be illustrated as using a source rof lalternating current supply at 3.118 volts and 6@ cycles. The load circuit ernbodies two gaseous tubes, such as those vdesignated as standard 1190 watt fluorescent lamps; The transformer has a core `of `the shell type with a center leg substantially v1" x 1"' in cross section. The 'two primary coils each embody 560 turns of #22 wire and are connect-ed in'parallel, and each IofI the four secondary coils 'has 600 turns loi #22m-re. The condenser has acapac-ity of 6.5 micrcia'rads 'and the air `gaps of the shunts are so chosen vas to result in a limit lof the current in the lag circuit Ito substantially the same value las the current in the lead circuit. With this assembly, the power factor will be approximately 951%. In addition to the foregoing equalization of current in the respect-ive tube circuits, the relationship between the air gaps oi the shunts andthe capacity of the condenser are so related 'as to 'prov-ide equal brightness in the two tubes.

In Fig. lo, VAI have shown -va graph illustrating the two wave forms, one in broken lines designated 95 representing the lead-circuit current obtained wlifthvithe prior .aforesaidconstruction oi tran'siformer., .and the other in a solid-.line .indicatedia't :96 representing the lead :circuit acurrent obtained with the transformer embodying the present invention. It will be observed that the wave form of the present invention is more nearly sinusoidal and is free from the peaks which are characteristic of the former construction.

An advantage oi the present invention is the fact that I have overcome the harmonic distortion in the lead circuit and at the same time I have maintained the transformer overall dimensions to such low value as to enable the unit to be readily installed within a standard casing.

I claim:

l. .en apparatus adapted for operating a plurality of discharge tube loads comprising -in combination, a closed magnetic core having an inner and two outer legs, a nrst, second, third, 'and fourth secondary coil mounted respectively in axial spaced relation from each other on said inner core leg, means connecting one end of said iirst secondary coil to one end of said third secondary coil and other means connecting one end of Isaid second secondary coil to one end of said fourth secondary coil to form a rst and second secondary winding respectively, a primary winding subdivided into a pair of spaced primary coils, a iirst one of said primary coils mounted on said inner core leg intermediate said rst and second secondary coils and closely coupled to said second secondary coil, said second `primary coil mounted on said inner core leg intermediate said third andy fourth secondary coils and closely coupled to said fourth secondary coil, magnetic core shunts positioned between said inner and outer core legs intermediate said nrstprimary and secondary coils and intermediate said second primary coil and said third secondary coil respectively, and a condenser connected in series with one end of said closely coupled 'second secondary winding.

2. The apparatus of claim l including a source o alternating current electrical energy, means connecting each of said primary coils across said source oi energy, means connecting one end of each of said secondary windings to one electrical side of said source of energy, a discharge tube load having one terminal connected 4in series with said condenser to the kother end lof said closely coupled second .secondary winding, another discharge tube vload having vone terminal connected to the other end oi said first secondary winding, and means connecting the other terminalof each of said tube loads to the other electrical side of said source of energy.

3. The apparatus kof claim l including a source ofr .alternating current electrical energy, 'means connecting one -end of each .of said primary coils to one electrical side oi said source of energy, means connecting one end vof each .of .said secondary windings to said one electrical side of said .source of energy, a plurality of discharge tube loads having electrical terminals at each end including .sockets for detachably receiving each tube, each socket having normally open contacts adapted .to be closed by the respective tube load terminals, one of said tube vloads connected `at one terminal to the -other end of said closely coupled second secondary winding through said condenser, another of said tube load-sconnected at'one terminal lto ythe other end of said iirst secondary Winding, and vmeans connecting the other end of each of said .primary coils to the other electrical side of said source of yenergy- -through the normally open socket con said primary winding being subdivided into a first and a second independent primary coil, each mounted in physical axial spaced relation on said inner core leg, at least four independent secondary coils axially spaced along said inner core leg, a rst secondary coil mounted at one end of said inner core leg in physical axial spaced relation from one side of said rst primary coil, a magnetic core shunt positioned between the inner and outer core legs respectively intermediate said iirst primary and rst secondary coils, a

second secondary coil located intermediate said first and second primary coils and closely coupled on the other side of said rst primary coil from said rst secondary coil, a third secondary coil located intermediate said second secondary coil and said second primary coil, a second magnetic core shunt positioned between the inner and outer core legs intermediate said second primary and third secondary coils, the fourth secondary coil located in closely coupled relation adjacent the other side of the second -primary coil from the third secondary coil, means connecting one end of the fourth secondary coil to one end of said second secondary coil and other means connecting one end of said first secondary coil to one end of said third secondary coil to form a pair of subdivided secondary windings, and a condenser connected in series with the other end of one of said closely coupled secondary coils.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 including a source of alternating current electrical energy, means connecting one end of each of the primary coils to said source, a plurality of discharge tube loads having electrical terminals at each end and including sockets for detachably receiving each tube, each socket having normally open contacts adapted to be closed by the respective tube load terminals, one of said tube loads connected at one terminal in series with the closely coupled secondary Winding through the condenser, another of said tube loads connected at one terminal in series with the other secondary Winding, means interconnecting the other ends of each of the secondary windings, and other means connecting the other end of each of said primary coils to the other electrical side of said source through the interconnected ends of the secondary Windings and the normally open socket contacts at the other terminal of each of said tube loads respectively.

6. An apparatus adapted for operating a plurality of discharge tube loads comprising in combination, a closed magnetic core having an inner and two outer legs, a rst, second, third, and fourth secondary coil mounted respectively in axial spaced relation from each other on said inner core leg, a primary winding subdivided into a pair of spaced primary coils, a rst one of said primary coils mounted on said inner core leg intermediate said rst and second secondary coils and closely coupled to said second secondary coil,

said second one of said primary coils mounted on said inner core leg intermediate said third and fourth secondary coils and closely coupled to said fourth secondary coil, magnetic core shunts positioned between said inner and outer core legs intermediate said rst primary and secondary coils and intermediate said second primary coil and said third secondary coil respectively, and a condenser connected in series with one end of at least one of said closely coupled secondary coils.

7. The apparatus of claim 4 including a source of alternating current energy, means connecting each of said primary coils across said source,

' f a plurality of discharge tube loads, means connecting one of said tube loads across the closely coupled secondary winding in series with the condenser, and other means connecting another of said tube loads across the other secondary windlng.

CHARLES R. KAZEBEE.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,025,471 Osborne Dec. 24, 1935 2,241,261 Horn May 6, 1941 2,269,978 Kronmiller Jan. 13, 1942 2,289,175 Boucher July 7, 1942 2,295,757 Russell Sept. 15, 1942 2,305,487 Naster Dec. 15, 1942 2,352,073 Boucher and Kuhl June 20', 1944 2,355,360 Boucher and Noble Aug. 8, 1944 2,401,555 De Reamer June 4, 1946 2,465,031 Nathanson Mar. 22, 1949 2,472,140I Berger June 7, 1949 2,496,981 Boucher and Keiser Feb. 7, 1950 

